Sunday, December 5, 2021

Eating Expensive Dirt For COVID And Beyond --- (BOO) Black Oxygen Organics


“BOO, which 'can be taken by anyone at any age, as well as animals,' according to the company, claims many benefits and uses, including improved brain function and heart health, and ridding the body of so-called toxins that include heavy metals, pesticides and parasites.

“Put more simply, the product is dirt – four-and-a-half ounces of it, sealed in a sleek black plastic baggie and sold for $110 plus shipping. Visitors to the Black Oxygen Organics website, recently taken offline, were greeted with a pair of white hands cradling cups of dirt like an offering. 'A gift from the Ground,' it reads. 'Drink it. Wear it. Bathe in it.'”

(Brandy Zadrozny.“'Magic dirt': How the internet fueled, and defeated, the pandemic's weirdest MLM.” NBC News. December 02, 2021.)

According to Brandy Zadrozny of NBC News, the social media posts started in May: “photos and videos of smiling people, mostly women, drinking Mason jars of black liquid, slathering black paste on their faces and feet, or dipping babies and dogs in tubs of the black water.”

Black Oxygen Organics, or “BOO” for short, was marketed as fulvic acid, a compound derived from decayed plants, that was dug up from an Ontario peat bog. The website of the Canadian company that sold it billed it as “the end product and smallest particle of the decomposition of ancient, organic matter.”

Zadrozny reports the Internet and the unprecedented times fueled sales for the dirt …

“By the end of the summer, online ads for BOO had made their way to millions of people within the internet subcultures that embrace fringe supplements, including the mixed martial arts community, anti-vaccine and Covid-denier groups, and finally more general alternative health and fake cure spaces.

“And people seemed to be buying; parts of TikTok and Instagram were flooded with #BOO posts. The businessman behind Black Oxygen Organics has been selling mud in various forms for 25 years now, but BOO sold in amounts that surprised even its own executives, according to videos of company meetings viewed by NBC News.

“The stars appeared aligned for it. A pandemic marked by unprecedented and politicized misinformation has spurred a revival in wonder cures. Well-connected Facebook groups of alternative health seekers and vaccine skeptics provided an audience and eager customer base for a new kind of medicine show. And the too-good-to-be-true testimonials posted to social media attracted a wave of direct sellers, many of them women dipping their toes into the often unprofitable world of multilevel marketing for the first time.”

(Brandy Zadrozny.“'Magic dirt': How the internet fueled, and defeated, the pandemic's weirdest MLM.” NBC News. December 02, 2021.)

NBC News found that the company had attracted 21,000 sellers and 38,000 new customers within months. Within six months, sales had rocketed from $200,000 a month to nearly $4 million, Black Oxygen Organics’ vice president of business development, Ron Montarul said, referring to a chart that showed the same.

The boom for Black Oxygen Organics was created by multilevel marketing (MLM) – a type of top-down and widening profit-modeled business, a so-called “pyramid scheme.” BOO couldn't be bought in stores. The pills and powders were sold by individuals, who were supposed to profit not only off their sales but also off those sales of others they recruited.

A common strategy for MLM participants, including BOO sellers, is to create Facebook groups to collaborate and attract new customers.

“I earned $21,000 in bonuses in my first 5 weeks!” one post read. “I am a single mom, 1 income family, this business was the best decision!!!”

But, the sad truth is more than 99% of MLM sellers lose money according to the Consumer Awareness Institute, an industry watchdog group.

Canadian and U.S. health regulators cracked down on BOO in recent months, initiating recalls and product holds at the border, respectively. Online skeptics threatened to shut it down. There’s a network of online anti-MLM activists who use Facebook and YouTube to expose MLMs and they did that with BOO, too.

Health Canada announced a recall of Black Oxygen Organic’s products on September 23, 2021. And a federal lawsuit in the U.S. was filed in Georgia’s Northern District court seeking class action status.

Zadrozny writes:

"The complaint, filed on behalf of four Georgia residents who purchased BOO, claims that the company negligently sold a product with 'dangerously high levels of toxic heavy metals,' which led to physical and economic harm.”

So, just before Thanksgiving, the company announced in an email it was closing.

Zadrozny reports, “Sellers packed video calls mourning the death of their miracle cure, railing against executives who had taken their money and seemingly run, and wondering how they might recoup the thousands of dollars they paid for BOO that never arrived.”

(Brandy Zadrozny.“'Magic dirt': How the internet fueled, and defeated, the pandemic's weirdest MLM.” NBC News. December 02, 2021.)

One of the most haltingly successful companies to ride a wave of interest in online and directly sold alternative medicines bit the dust (excuse the pun, please).

Snake Oil Fever

Just how far are people willing to dig to find their miracle cure? The testimonies on the BOO Facebook group read of fantastic results including cured diseases, weight loss, clearer skin, whiter teeth, regrown hair, reclaimed energy, expelled worms and even changes in eye color (from brown to blue).

The “true believers” online praised what they called “magic dirt.” They drank it; snorted it; cooked with it; and slathered it on the bodies, giving it to their families, children, and pets.

One user posted a photo of a baby sitting in a bathtub of water colored a deep caramel. In the caption, she shared that the baby had contracted hand, foot and mouth disease – a virus that mainly affects children and causes painful sores. “Tiny is enjoying his BOO bath!” she wrote. “We’re happy to say our bottom feels happier and we’re in a better mood!”

(Brandy Zadrozny.“'Magic dirt': How the internet fueled, and defeated, the pandemic's weirdest MLM.” NBC News. December 02, 2021.)

Testimonials claimed BOO could cure everything from autism to cancer to Alzheimer’s disease. And, evidently, the times were right for hooking customers into miracle cures. You guessed it: As the anti/de-vax movement grew in the US and Canada, BOO proponents said it also protected against and treated Covid-19 and could be used to “detox” the newly vaccinated, according to posts viewed by NBC News.

But, other people like Monica Wong started having reservations about her BOO consumption. She started having stomach pains after drinking BOO religiously for a few months. Wong quit taking the product and told the head of her Facebook group about her pains; however, group administrators, BOO sellers themselves, censored the comments to weed out anything negative. “They’d never let me post that,” she said. 

What's the Real “Dirt” On BOO?

Black Oxygen Organics is the brainchild of founder and CEO Marc Saint-Onge, a 59-year-old entrepreneur from Casselman, Ontario. He calls himself “the Mudman.” – he's sold mud in some form since the early 1990s. He billed his expertise as an orthotherapist, naturopath, kinesitherapist, reiki master, holistic practitioner, herbalist and aromatherapist.

As he practice orthotherapy – a kind of advanced massage technique – Saint-Onge packaged dirt from a local bog, branches and leaves included, in zip-lock baggies and gave them to his “patients,” who demanded the mud faster than he could scoop it. For doing this, he was charged by Canadian authorities with practicing medicine without a license in 1989 and fined $20,000. That's when his clinic went underground.

(Brandy Zadrozny.“'Magic dirt': How the internet fueled, and defeated, the pandemic's weirdest MLM.” NBC News. December 02, 2021.)

The company’s now-defunct website indicates Saint-Onge scoured the peat bogs of Canada to find the best, most pristine dirt full of fulvic acid (that’s the “magic” ingredient) He then packaged that dirt in 4-ounce bags, as pills, or bottles of mud for about $100 a pop.

If fulvic acid has any health benefits at all, why would people buy such a supplement from a company promoting it with multilevel marketing schemes and unfounded claims that it is a miracle cure for everything that ails them? It's the old scam of selling snake oil to the vulnerable and desperate. God knows the political and medical climates of 2021 present ideal conditions for the spread of conspiracies and untruths. An audience of the gullible is readily at hand and hungry to consume quackery of any kind.

The moral of the story? Jen Maravegias of Pajiba says, “Nothing can stop those people. Maybe we should just let them eat dirt. The lengths to which Covid deniers, anti-vaxxers, and de-vaxxers are willing to go just to avoid getting a shot in the arm continues to be astounding.” It appears the MAGA, COVID-denying, anti-science crowd’s activities – they won’t wear masks; they won’t get the vaccine; but they blame the government for not being able to put an end to the pandemic – include the belief that eating dirt is good for you. Bon Appétit!

(Jen Maravegias. “Can I Interest You In Some Magic Beans To Go With That Dirt?” Pajiba News. December 03, 2021.)

Considering eating dirt? It's actually the plot of a famous story -- the story of the infant Krishna, wrongly accused of eating a bit of dirt.

This poem tells story of the Hindu mythical hero Krishna who is accused by his mother Yashoda of eating dirt. She comes up to him with a wagging finger and scolds him: “You shouldn't eat dirt, you naughty boy.”

“But I haven't,” says the unchallenged lord of all and everything, disguised as a frightened human child. Then, Krishna opens his mouth, and within it, Yashoda is said to have witnessed the three worlds and the secret of the entire universe. She is said to have taken this as a revelation of his divinity.

Eating Dirt

her famished tongue feasted on dreams
and she catered to its cravings—
green mangoes clay cloying chalk
citrus soap crusty coal raw rice
crushed ice cubes crayons ash
powdered glass pickled garlic
salt sieved rain-scented soil

a son was born, he was fed
and he learnt to feed
soon he was caught eating mud
a son taking after his mother
a son inheriting her tongue

she tied her speechless moon to a millstone
and after some frantic spanking
she saw in his cloudy mouth
the truth of the three worlds—
sand everywhere, everything
turning to sand.

Meena Kandasamy

 


Saturday, December 4, 2021

Ethan Crumbley Could Should Been Stopped -- Troubled Kids With "Beautiful" Pistols And Complicit Parents

 

“Jennifer Crumbley posted about the gun on social media, calling it "his new Christmas present.” And his mother also took him to a shooting range the weekend before the shooting at the school, according to a law enforcement.”

(Carolyn Sung, Shimon Prokupecz, Aya Elamroussi. “Parents of Michigan school shooting suspect arrested after manhunt.” CNN. December 04, 2021.)

New details about the Michigan school shooting of November 30 are revealing more damning clues about the intention of the shooter, 15-year-old Ethan Crumbley.

CNN reported James and Jennifer Crumbley, the parents of suspect Ethan Crumbley, were arrested early Saturday in Detroit, ending an hours-long search for them after they failed to appear in court on involuntary manslaughter charges in the killings. Law enforcement officials have described the couple as fugitives.

The chief of the Detroit Police Department said a tip led them to the commercial building where they found the parents overnight.

“They appeared to be hiding in the building,” the chief said. He added that they were “aided” in getting access to the building, and charges may be filed as a result.

(Adrienne Vogt. “Parents of Michigan school shooting suspect arrested.” CNN. December 04, 2021.))

The couple was caught by the Detroit Police Department when a business owner called 911 after spotting the suspects' car in their parking lot and Jennifer Crumbley standing next to it, according to the Oakland County Sheriff's Office. She fled the area on foot, but the couple was located in a commercial building after an extensive search of the area. They were taken into custody "without incident," Detroit Police Chief James White said at a 3 a.m. press conference, and were unarmed.

(Emily Shapiro andMark Osborne “Parents of Michigan school shooting suspect plead not guilty, held on $500K bond each.” ABC News. December 04, 2021.)

Oakland County Prosecutor Karen McDonald’s office had filed the charges – four counts of involuntary manslaughter – against James and Jennifer Crumbley, the Associated Press reported on Friday, three days after their 15-year-old son allegedly opened fire in the halls of Oxford High School, killing four classmates and wounding seven others.

Both parents pleaded not guilty to the four counts of involuntary manslaughter on Saturday. A judge imposed a $1 million bond for them. So far, the Crumbleys have not cooperated with authorities, nor have they given their son permission to talk with investigators, Oakland County Sheriff Michael Bouchard said.

The charges are a rarity in the U.S. legal system, which seldom holds parents of school shooters accountable for their child’s actions.

(Tim Stelloh and Minyvonne Burke. “Authorities searching for parents of Michigan school shooting suspect after manslaughter charges.” NBC News. December 03, 2021.)

"They (Nathan's parents) could have stopped it and they had every reason to know he was dangerous.”

– Oakland County Prosecutor Karen McDonald

Incriminating Details

Four days before 15-year-old Ethan Crumbley allegedly opened fire at his Michigan high school, his parents bought him an unusually early Christmas gift: a 9mm Sig Sauer handgun.

The teen accompanied his father, James Crumbley, to buy the gun at Acme Shooting Goods in the small town of Oxford on Friday, November 26. Ethan later posts a photo on Instagram of himself holding the semi-automatic handgun, writing: “Just got my new beauty today. SIG SAUER 9mm. Any questions I will answer.” He includes an emoji of a smiling face with heart eyes. 

A photo of the gun believed to have been used in the Oxford High School shooting Tuesday was posted to an Instagram account days before the incident, a law enforcement source with direct knowledge tells CNN.

Then, on Saturday, November 27: Jennifer Crumbley, Ethan’s mother, writes on Instagram that it is a “mom and son day testing out his new Christmas present,” the prosecutor says.

(“Key moments surrounding Michigan high school shootings.” The Associated Press. December 03, 2021.)

Jennifer Crumbley once posted an open letter thanking President-elect Donald Trump for protecting “my right to bear arms,” penned her own Instagram post. “Mom & son day testing out his new Xmas present,” she wrote, Prosecutor McDonald said.

The letter? Shortly after the 2016 election, Jennifer Crumbley posted a missive to Donald Trump in which she claimed she was skipping car insurance payments to hire a tutor for Ethan, blaming the “common core” curriculum mandated in schools. She seethed in the letter about schools where the “kids come from illegal immigrant parents” and “don’t care about learning.”

Here is part of the letter:

“Mr. Trump, I actually love that you are a bad public speaker because that showed sincerity, and humility,” she wrote. “You changed your mind, and you said ‘so what.’ You made the famous ‘grab them in the pussy’ comment, did it offend me? No. I say things all the time that people take the wrong way, do I mean them, not always. Do I agree that you should of [sic] shown your tax returns? No. I don’t care what you do or maybe don’t pay in taxes, I think those are personal and if the Gov’t can lock someone up over $10,000 of unpaid taxes and you slipped on by, then that shows the corruption.”

Crumbley went on to tell Trump that she hoped he would “really uncover the politicians for what I believe they really are,” and that he might “shut down Big Pharma, make health care affordable for me and my MIDDLE CLASS family again.” She was in favor of Trump’s long-promised border wall, and noted that she was “not racist” because her grandfather “came straight off the boat in Italy.”

“As a female and a Realtor, thank you for allowing my right to bear arms,” Jennifer Crumbley wrote. “Allowing me to be protected if I show a home to someone with bad intentions. Thank you for respecting that Amendment.”

The letter was signed: “A hard working Middle Class Law Abiding Citizen who is sick of getting fucked in the ass and would rather be grabbed by the pussy.”

James Crumbley posted a link on Facebook to his wife’s screed, commenting, “My wife can be spot on. Sometimes.”

(Justin Rohrlich and Pilar Melendez. “Teen Gunman’s Parents Vanish After Being Charged for Chilling Behavior.” Daily Beast. December 03, 2021.)

On Monday – November 29, one day before the massacre – a teacher had observed Ethan Crumbley searching for ammunition on his cellphone and alerted school officials. The school tried to contact his mother but could not reach her. Administrators left a voicemail and followed up with an email, but received no response.

McDonald told reporters that Jennifer Crumbley did not contact the school but instead texted her son: "Lol. I’m not mad at you. You have to learn not to get caught."

At Crumbley’s arraignment, Oakland County Sheriff’s Lt. Tim Willis told Judge Nancy Carniak that a search of the boy’s home turned up “two separate videos recovered from Ethan’s cellphone made by him Monday night before the incident, wherein he talked about shooting and killing students the next day at Oxford High School.”

On Tuesday – November 30, prior to the shooting – another teacher alerted school officials to a drawing the teacher found on Ethan Crumbley's desk. It included a handgun with the text, “the thoughts won’t stop. Help me,” and a bullet with the words, “blood everywhere.” There were also some laughing emojis, a person who’d been shot, and the words, “my life is useless,” and “the world is dead,” McDonald said.

After the teacher found the drawing, Ethan Crumbley was removed from class and his parents were asked to come down to the school immediately. A counselor showed the parents the drawing but Ethan Crumbley had already altered it and scratched out some of the images and words, according to McDonald.

The Crumbleys failed to ask their son about the gun or check his backpack and “resisted the idea of their son leaving the school at that time,” McDonald said.

(Emily Shapiro andMark Osborne “Parents of Michigan school shooting suspect plead not guilty, held on $500K bond each.” ABC News. December 04, 2021.)

“The notion that a parent could read those words and also know that their son had access to a deadly weapon that they gave him is unconscionable – it’s criminal.”

– Prosecutor Karen McDonald

The parents were told they needed to get Ethan Crumbley into counseling within 48 hours, McDonald said.

“Both James and Jennifer Crumbley failed to ask their son if he had his gun with him or where his gun was located and failed to inspect his backpack,” McDonald said.

They resisted taking Ethan home with them and left the school soon after, she said. Ethan returned to class with the handgun in his backpack.

“The notion that a parent could read those words [in the drawing] and also know that their son had access to a deadly weapon that they gave him is unconscionable. And I think it’s criminal,” McDonald said. She continued:"Instead, James and Jennifer Crumbley left the high school without their son. He was returned to the high school.”

(Justin Rohrlich and Pilar Melendez. “Teen Gunman’s Parents Vanish After Being Charged for Chilling Behavior.” Daily Beast. December 03, 2021.)

Oakland County Sheriff Michael Bouchard later said the department was "never informed of either meeting prior to the shooting or that there were any concerns about behavior."

So, ultimately – on the day of the shooting – it was determined that he could go back into class. Tim Throne, superintendent of Michigan’s Oxford Community School, acknowledged Tuesday’s meeting, which took place roughly three hours before Crumbley is accused of fatally shooting four students and wounding 7 other people at the school.

“Yes, this student did have contact with our front office. And yes, his parents were on campus Nov. 30 … this is as much information as we can give you today,” Throne said.

(Oxford superintendent says ‘no discipline warranted’ for accused shooter before attack. Sky News. December 03, 2021.)

Just after lunchtime that day – November 30 at about 12:51 – the sophomore student went into a bathroom with his backpack, then came out into a hallway and started shooting students at random, sending terrified teens ducking for cover and into hiding, police said. Sixteen-year-old Tate Myre, 14-year-old Hana St. Juliana, 17-year-old Madisyn Baldwin, and 17-year-old Justin Shilling died. Seven more, including a teacher, were injured.

“At that point he methodically and deliberately walked down the hallway, aiming the firearm at students and firing,” Keast said. “Right outside the bathroom, he began firing, judge. After children started running from the defendant, he continued down the hallway again at a deliberate and methodical pace, pointing and aiming at some classrooms and at students who hadn’t had the opportunity to escape.”

– Oakland County Assistant Prosecutor Marc Keast reviewing surveillance video

When news of an active shooter becomes public, Jennifer Crumbley texts her son at 1:22 p.m.: “Ethan don’t do it.” Fifteen minutes later, at 1:37 p.m., James Crumbley calls 911 to report that a gun was missing from his house and he believes his son may be the shooter. The gun had been kept unlocked in a drawer in the parents’ bedroom, McDonald says.

After the massacre, Oakland County Sheriff’s Lt. Tim Willis said that investigators discovered a journal in Ethan’s backpack, “detailing his desire to shoot up the school, to include murdering students.” Social media accounts showed Ethan practicing with a Sig Sauer handgun identical to the one used in the shooting, Willis told District Court Judge Nancy Carniak. 

There are no laws in Michigan requiring gun owners to lock up their weapons and keep them away from children.

Prosecutor McDonald said that evidence showed Ethan Crumbley started planning the attack “well before the incident.”

“This isn’t even a close call,” she said. “This was absolutely premeditated. There is a mountain of digital evidence... we are confident that we can show there was premeditation,” she said.

McDonald added that it was time to get serious about gun safety in the United States.

“If the incident yesterday with four children being murdered and multiple kids being injured is not enough to revisit our gun laws, I don’t know what is,” she said.

Final Reflections

Molly Chakery, in 2019 an 8th-grader at Grand Prairie Fine Arts Academy, understands the country is divided over mental health and gun control. But, "the truth is it's not about right or wrong. It's about the fact that this is going on. And that's wrong," she said.

The issue moved her so much that she wrote a poem to describe the reality of mass shootings after the Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in Parkland, Fla. in 2018.

YOU WOULDN’T UNDERSTAND

"You wouldn't understand,"
I was told after sitting through
Hours and hours of school
Facts crammed inside my head
Like values in society
That, "You wouldn't understand."

What don't I understand?
I swore I understood
That my school was a target
A target of a cultural epidemic
A target of violence
That, "You wouldn't understand."

Why wouldn't I understand
That, at thirteen, my death
Was nothing more than a statistic
To politicians and law-makers
A political agenda
That, "You wouldn't understand."

Why can't you understand
That my activism is not 'just a hobby'
As bullets ricochet over my dead body
My last words might be, "Shots fired!"
But all you've fired is, "Thoughts and prayers."
That, "You wouldn't understand."

When will you understand
That you've treated a symptom
Of a disease as if the symptom
Was the disease itself
Like my mental health
That, "You wouldn't understand."

Why don't you understand
That I'm willing to take a stand,
But I guess I'm too young to understand
The hatred that coats society
Like gloss on a bullet
Or blood on a body
That, "You wouldn't understand."

I know you understand
That, with age comes knowledge
But with youth should also come
Innocence and I only knew the word
'Innocent' because it was shouted
Over my student body
"They're innocent!"
That, "You wouldn't understand."

"You'll never understand!"
Yelled the terrorist that shot
Through my best friend's body
"You wouldn't understand!"
The metal detectors and
Clear backpacks as if they were
Effectors of a million-dollar depression brand
That, "You wouldn't understand."

© Molly Grace Chakery 2019 

 

Friday, December 3, 2021

Talking English Like an American -- Why Do We Sound Different From Those In the U.K.

  

Map of U.S. Accents

“In the world of linguistics, precise language is important. In most uses, 'accent' and 'dialect' are used interchangeably. Accents – distinctive modes of pronunciation of a language associated with a particular nation, locality, or social class – are just one part of a dialect – a particular form of a language which is peculiar to a specific region or social group.

“An accent refers to how people pronounce words, whereas a dialect is all-encompassing. A dialect includes the pronunciations, grammar and vocabulary that people use within a group.

“When we’re born, we’re blessed with the ability to create whatever sounds we choose. Unfortunately, the decision to pick up an accent really isn’t up to us, rather it’s on our parents to guide us. Each language around the world focuses on differing sounds. It’s nurture and not nature that determines the particular strengths we develop in speaking over the weaknesses we “inherit.”

(“Why do people have different accents when they speak English?” Telc. January 2015.)

Of course, English colonists who settled America had a British accent. According to an article in Matt Soniak writer for Mental Floss and Scientific American, what a lot of Americans think of as the typical "British accent” is what's called standardized Received Pronunciation (RP), also known as Public School English or BBC English.

What most people think of as an "American accent," or most Americans think of as "no accent," is the General American (GenAm) accent, sometimes called a "newscaster accent" or "Network English."

By the time we had recordings of both Americans and Brits (the first audio recording of a human voice was made in 1860), the sounds of English as spoken in the Old World and New World were very different. Soniak reminds us that 300 years is a big gap.

So, when did Americans start to sound different from the British? In other words, when did they lose their British accents?

Important Historical Note:

"There are more accents per square mile in Britain than in any other part of the English-speaking world. This is because of the hugely diverse history of English in the British Isles, with the originally Germanic dialects of Europe mixing with the Norse accents of the Vikings, the French accents of the Normans, and wave after wave of immigration from the Middle Ages down to the present day.
"But it's also because of the rise of 'mixed' accents, as people move house around the country and pick up features of the accent wherever they find themselves."

(David Crystal and Ben Crystal, "Revealed: Why the Brummie Accent Is Loved Everywhere but Britain." Daily Mail. October 3, 2014.)

Why Americans Don't Sound British

According to Mary Linn, a linguist at the Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage, people in England were already aware of “the quirky new ways Americans were speaking English within a generation of the colonists’ arrival.” Linn says over time, the changes went beyond accent to include different words and grammatical structures, adding up to a new dialect. She tells us dialects have two main causes:

(1) Isolation – early colonists had only sporadic contact with the mother country.

Exposure to other languages – the colonists came into contact with Native American languages, mariners’ Indian English pidgin and other settlers, who spoke Dutch, Swedish, French and Spanish.

(2) Exposure To Other Languages – all of the languages above influenced American English, as did the English-speaking colonists’ origins in different parts of England, Wales and Scotland. Later, as metropolitan centers such as Boston and New York City had more contact with England, they adopted the then-trendy r-less accent of the English upper class.

(“When Did Americans Lose Their British Accents And More Questions From Our Readers.” Smithsonian Magazine. June 2015.)

In pre-colonial times, the nautical pidgins (simplified form of langauage) used by early explorers to communicate with native people were arguably among the first purely “American” ways of speech. In A History of American English, J.L. Dillard notes that by the time the Pilgrims first touched down in Massachusetts, there were already native people here who could effectively communicate with them in English. Slaves also had their own version of English from the nautical regions of West Africa.

(J.L. Dillard. A History of American English. 1992.)

What most Americans consider to be a British accent is what linguists call Received Pronunciation or BBC English. We speak General American or a Newscaster Accent.

The big difference between the two accents is known as rhotacism. That means in BBC English, the “r” is not really enunciated, so “card,” for example, becomes “cahd.”The standard American accent – what Americans think of as having no accent – is rhotic, meaning that speakers pronounce their “r’s.”

Before and during the American Revolution, the English, both in England and in the colonies, mostly spoke with a rhotic accent. We don't know much more about said accent, though. Various claims about the accents of the Appalachian Mountains, the Outer Banks, the Tidewater region and Virginia's Tangier Island sounding like an uncorrupted Elizabethan-era English accent have been busted as myths by linguists.

(Matt Soniak. “When Did Americans Lose Their British Accents?” Mental Floss. December 01, 2021.)

In post-1776, British people began to de-rhotacize their way of speech – dropping the “r” sounds from words like “car” and “hard.” Non-Rhotic speech took off in southern England, especially among the upper and upper-middle classes. The “posh” accent was a signifier of class and status – then standardized as Received Pronunciation and taught widely by pronunciation tutors to people who wanted to learn to speak fashionably.

Americans held on to their robust rhotic pronunciation for the most part, but some former colonists, especially those who lived in port cities like Boston, Richmond, Charleston and Savannah, adopted this affectation. From the Southeastern coast, the RP sound spread through much of the South along with plantation culture and wealth.

(Steph Koyfman. “How American English Grew Its Wings. Babbel Magazine. November 22, 2017.)

Then, in 1806, Noah Webster published the first American dictionary, A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language. Webster (of Merriam-Webster fame) was hugely instrumental in American standardization, but many of his earliest attempts to simplify English spelling were ridiculed. In this early work, he suggested “tung” for “tongue” and “wimmen” for “women.” Though he was apparently referred to as “an incurable lunatic” and “a prostitute wretch,” he did believe it was important for America to assert itself culturally, and he believed words should be spelled the way they actually sound.

(Steph Koyfman. “How American English Grew Its Wings. Babbel Magazine. November 22, 2017.)

Then Webster published the vastly more successful An American Dictionary of the English Language in 1828 and earned the right to take credit for nixing the “u” from “colour” and the “re” from “theatre,” as well as changing “defence” to “defense,” “catalogue” to “catalog,” and more. Webster’s dictionary also contained more than 70,000 words (compared to roughly 40,000 in Johnson’s dictionary).

And, over in England, they eventually dropped the “k” from words like “magick.” Other changes that occurred in America, however, were looked down on. The Brits were actually flexible on spellings like “colour” and “theatre,” but that was before they came to be seen as American.

In America the spread of industrialization (started sometime between 1820 and 1870) and the Civil War shifted the power centers to the Midwest. Political and economic power largely passed from the port cities and cotton regions to the manufacturing hubs of the Mid Atlantic and Midwest – New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Chicago, Detroit, etc.

By then, the British elite had much less cultural and linguistic influence in these places, which were mostly populated by the Scots-Irish and other settlers from Northern Britain, and rhotic English was still spoken there. As industrialists in these cities became the self-made economic and political elites of the Industrial Era, Received Pronunciation lost its status and fizzled out in the U.S. The prevalent accent in the Rust Belt,

(Matt Soniak. “When Did Americans Lose Their British Accents?” Mental Floss. December 01, 2021.)

So, as industrialists in these cities became the self-made economic and political elites of the Industrial Era, Received Pronunciation faded and General American became the standard and spread across America.

Today, what is termed as the American accent is an umbrella accent perceived to be neutral and free of regional characteristics. It lacks certain noticeable sociolinguistic salient features such as non-rhotic speech, ethnic features such as the clear pronunciation of letter “l”, and social-economic features.

Molly John of World Atlas shares this:

“Traditional US regional accents are on the verge of extinction due to the influence of social, mass, and mainstream media. Children learn less about their native languages and cultures from the agents of socialization in society such as their parents, grandparents, and teachers. They are more glued to YouTube, Disney Channels, and Nickelodeon whose main characters speak in standard Midwestern American accents that children adopt and abandon their own accents.”

(Molly John. “Where Did the American Accent Come From?” World Atlas. October 21, 2019.)

 Figure 1: Mean scores of the rankings for ‘correct English’ of the fifty states, Washington, DC, and NYC by south-eastern Michigan respondents (‘1’ = ‘worst English’; ‘10’ = ‘best English’)

A Problem: American Accent Myths Persist

Informal assessments of accents are bolstered by quantitative studies – responses that confirm what every American knows – the lowest ratings are for the South and NYC (and nearby New Jersey, infected by its proximity to the NYC metropolitan area). This is, of course, a U.S. language myth.

Dennis Preston – University Distinguished Professor of Linguistics, MSU; Ph.D., UW-Madison and past-president of the American Dialect Society – cited research to confirm this myth.

Preston states …

“In summary, respondents from all over the US confirm the myth that some regions speak better English than others, and they do not hesitate to indicate that NYC and the South are on the bottom of that pile.

“Students of US culture will have little difficulty in understanding the sources of the details of this myth. The South is thought to be rural, backward and uneducated; its dialect is quite simply associated with the features assigned its residents. NYC fares little better. As one of Labov’s respondents told him in the mid 1960s, ‘They think we’re all murderers.’ Just as US popular culture has kept alive the barefoot, moonshine-making and drinking, intermarrying, racist Southerner, so has it continued to contribute to the perception of the brash, boorish, criminal, violent New Yorker. Small wonder that the varieties of English associated with these areas have these characteristics attributed to them.

“Like all groups who are prejudiced against, Southerners (and New Yorkers) fight back by making their despised language variety a solidarity symbol, but there is no doubt they suffer linguistic insecurity in spite of this defensive maneuver.”

(Dennis Preston. “Language Myth # 17.” Language Myths. PBS. 1999.)

This Map Shows Where American Accents Come From (Science Insider.) Click the video, please.

 



Thursday, December 2, 2021

Smart Guns -- Oxymoron Or Needed Safety Measure

 

“A smart gun is a firearm that can detect its authorized user(s) or something that is normally only possessed by its authorized user(s).

“Smart guns have one or more systems that allow them to fire only when activated by an authorized user. Those systems typically employ RFID chips or other proximity tokens, fingerprint recognition, magnetic rings, or mechanical locks. They can thereby prevent accidental shootings, gun thefts, and criminal usage by persons not authorized to use the guns.”

(“No Chip in Arm, No Shot From Gun.” Wired. April 14, 2004.)

Smart guns, whose embedded technology ensures only authorized users can fire them, have been around for nearly two decades, and a 2016 survey found that nearly 60% of Americans, if they were buying a new handgun, would be interested in a smart firearm.

(“Survey: Most Americans Support Smart Guns.” American Journal of Public Health. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. January 21, 2016.)

The technology is available. In fact, Jonathan Mossberg, father of the nation’s oldest family-owned gunmaker, O.F. Mossberg & Sons, patented a shotgun in 2000 that successfully blocked firing by anyone not wearing the shooter’s radio-frequency identity ring.

(Editorial Board. “Why Not Smart Guns in This High-Tech Era?” The New York Times. November 26, 2016.)

But due largely to political pressure from gun rights proponents and a lack of investment in their development, some of the most promising smart gun technology isn't even for sale in the United States, or is still only in prototype form.

No smart gun has ever been sold on the commercial market in the United States.

The Armatix iP1, a .22 caliber handgun with an active RFID watch used to unlock it, is the most mature smart gun developed. The gun’s debut drew plaudits from gun violence prevention advocates, who had long seen such gadgetry as a bulwark against accidental shootings and other gun-related deaths.

It was briefly planned to be offered at a few retailers before being quickly withdrawn due to pressure from gun-rights advocates concerned that it would trigger the New Jersey Childproof Handgun Law.

(Michael S. Rosenwald. "Maryland dealer, under pressure from gun-rights activists, drops plan to sell smart gun.” The Washington Post. May 01 2014.)

One of the hurdles for smart guns is the lack of support from major gun manufacturers. As of 2019, a number of startups and companies including Armatix, Biofire, LodeStar Firearms, and Swiss company SAAR are purportedly developing various smart handguns and rifles, but none have brought the technology to market.

(Brian Freskos. “A New Generation of Entrepreneurs Thinks It Can Revive the Smart Gun.” The Trace. January 21, 2019.)

Smart-gun start-ups are also grappling with critics who see computer chips and tracking devices as edging precariously close to Big Brother, and who may be unlikely to accept assurances that the technology is not a government conspiracy aimed at taking remote control of their guns.

The NRA and its membership boycotted Smith & Wesson after it was revealed in 1999 that the company was developing a smart gun for the U.S. Government. On March 6, 2018, Smith & Wesson told shareholders it hasn’t invested in smart gun technology and has no plans to.

The NRA, while insisting it is open to the development of smart guns, has nevertheless sown seeds of doubt. In 2000, the NRA’s lobbying arm denounced smart guns as a thinly veiled attempt by gun control advocates to “force the price of guns beyond the budgets of many Americans.” Taking its criticism one step further, the group said the technology could give rise to government mandates requiring all “dumb guns” be disabled or destroyed.

Tech Crunch reports that most who follow this issue know that the NRA hates smart guns because they’re afraid that once a seemingly viable smart gun technology exists, anti-gun legislators at the state and federal levels will attempt to mandate it in all future guns by comparing it to seat belts, air bags, and other product safety features. And, the NRA may actually be right. If smart guns get any traction, then non-smart-guns will come under legislative assault.

(Jon Stokes. “Why the NRA hates smart guns.” techcrunch.com. April 30, 2016.)

Every Town For Gun Safety concludes that “the smart gun employs authorized-use technology – like the thumb scan or passcode available on many smartphones – to turn stolen guns and guns accessed by children into harmless pieces of steel. If widely implemented, it would be a game-changer for keeping guns out of the hands of children and criminals.”

Every Town says that suthorized-use technology, as well as basic safety features like loaded chamber indicators, magazine safety disconnects, and other features designed to prevent a child from operating the gun, should be incorporated into new models of semiautomatic handguns to help prevent firearms from being unintentionally fired

(“Smart Guns and Gun Safety Features.” Every Town For Gun Safety. 2021.)

Since smart guns incorporate technology to ensure a gun can only be fired by a person who is authorized to use it, the hundreds of thousands of guns that are stolen every year – taken from houses, vehicles, and stores – could help eliminate the major public safety threat of stolen guns. These guns are often diverted into an underground market where people with dangerous histories are easily able to obtain firearms without restriction. 

Snags

A commercially successful smart gun has, in fact, proved difficult to develop. Hurdles include …

* Any time you introduce electronics into the equation, you're vulnerable to hackers,

* Creating fail-safe user-recognition technology – 100% authentication,

* Integrating delicate electronic components that can withstand shock from repeated firings,

* Allaying concerns of manufacturers fearful of liability if a supposedly safe gun was to fail, and

* Increasing research financing hobbled by their progress to the market,

Smart Gun Future

Margot Hirsch, president of the Smart Tech Challenges Foundation, says, “We use microelectronics in airplanes and spaceships. Incorporating electronics into guns is not rocket science. It certainly is doable and it will make our communities safer. If a gun company doesn’t currently have the in-house technical know-how to make this happen, they could hire people or license it from the innovators who do.

(Margot Hirsch. “Smart guns are smart business.” The Hill. March 18, 2019.)

In truth, the gun industry lacks not the high-tech know-how, but the fortitude to advance the safety of its weapons in the face of gun-lobby politics and threats. Therefore, gun owners' fears of government mandates on smart guns must be assuaged for manufacturers to work out smart gun problems. And, gun owners concerned about having a firearm to defend themselves need to be sure the technology would work when they want to use it. Workable problems? I think so.

Perhaps most important, gun manufacturers – especially new ones that don’t have an existing customer base to alienate – face a reality. That reality has to do with the steady march of technology and the almighty dollar.

Eugene Volokh, a professor at the UCLA school of law, posits …

“Gun manufacturers face a rare problem. ... A modern handgun will work well for many decades, and perhaps for centuries. Gun manufacturers will get no extra business from a typical satisfied customer — again, setting aside collectors and other enthusiasts.”

Additionally, according to Volokh, whoever patents this kind of technology “could sell billions of dollars' worth of guns in the span of only a few years, as many millions of gun owners decide to upgrade to the safer versions.”

(Nicole Nguyen. “Here’s What’s Up With 'Smart Guns'– And Why You Can’t Buy One In The US.” Buzz Feed News. March 13, 2018.)

Like so many other things in our modern world, big profit influences corporate decisions.

“In 2018, there were 24,432 registered firearms suicides, 1,296 of which were children and young adults aged between 10 and 19 years old. Researchers found that 48 per cent of US gun-owners own four or more guns so, while this age bracket may still find traditional guns lying around, if these households had just one smart gun, locked securely away, this may cut preventable suicides by half.”

(Ben Heubl. “Will smart guns hit their target this time?” Engineering and Technology. June 05, 2020.)

And guess what? There are early signs of the opposition warming to smart guns. Gareth Glaser, CEO of smart-gun manufacturer LodeStar Firearms, attended the 2020 NRA (National Rifle Association) Shot Show in Las Vegas and noticed a change. NRA members communicated more cordially and asked questions about his product: “My feeling is we are being permitted to test the market.”

There are even compromises, now. Some manufacturers are using add-on technology, which works with traditional firearms, rather than introducing entirely new products. For example, a smart grip with fingerprint recognition that can be mounted onto a traditional pistol. “It’s less threatening that the government confiscates guns without personal authorisation features,” says Dru Stevenson, member of the faculty at South Texas College of Law.

Add-ons are also cheaper. A standard 9mm handgun costs around $500, while the equivalent smart-gun sells at $799. The Armatix IP1 was criticized for being too expensive at $1,399; its watch, authorizing the shooter, sold for a further $399.

It seems inevitable that guns will become smarter. There are even parallels to the seat-belt revolution; it took years, but then it quickly changed. How long will it take technology to blossom? Maybe sooner than we think.

For example, according to a report from Reuters (October 2019), even the U.S. Army has solicited bids for high-tech battlefield solutions that could put a computer system into a soldier’s firearm. Dimensional Weapons Systems is among the companies developing a smart gun, and it is working on a technology that would allow the weapon to only be fired by a designated shooter’s hand. 

Conclusions

Will smart guns solve the problem of gun violence. Of course they won't. Will they make a difference. I believe so. Professor Stevenson said,“No emerging technologies can address the underlying moral dubiousness... A moral right to kill does not equal a moral obligation.”

That may be true, professor. Still, part of our “moral obligation” is to allow guns to be in the hands of responsible people and prevent them from being fired by those who use them to inflict senseless injury and death. Even gun manufacturers agree.

Take Kai Kloepfer Biofire, founder of Biofire, a biometric .40 caliber gun that reads the shooter’s middle print in 0.5 seconds. He says …

“You pick it up, and it works,” says Kloepfer. He continued: “We’re all human. This is a tool to help people eliminate mistakes. I’ve never talked to a firearm owner that wanted their child to find their gun.”

And, in the same vein, Dr. Arthur Kellermann, the co-author of the boys-and-guns study (2001, Journal of Pediatrics), who is a dean at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, says …

“We know in the world of injury control that designing safer products is often the most efficient way to reduce tragedies. Why, if we have childproof aspirin bottles, don’t we have childproof guns?”

(Michael Luo and Mike McIntire. “Children and Guns: The Hidden Toll.” The New York Times. September 28, 2013.)

And yet …

Resistance to buying smart guns is still very high among those who favor firearms.

The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine (June 2019) a survey that found that 79 percent of respondents supported firearm retailers stocking smart guns.

But …

In the survey, more than half of the respondents said they had reservations about the additional cost of smart gun technology. Only 19 percent of gun owners said they would be extremely likely or somewhat likely to pay an additional $300 on top of a standard weapon’s retail price for “smart” features. And 70 percent said they were very or somewhat concerned about the weapons’ reliability.

(Cassandra K. Crifasi, PhD, MPH et al. “Desirability of Personalized Guns Among Current Gun Owners.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Volume 57, ISSUE 2, P191-196, August 01, 2019.)

Dru Stevenson published the following. As a gun owner, you may not agree with his conclusions; however, he cites the need for defensive measures other than deadly firearms to combat unnecessary deaths – deaths either by conventional weapons or by smart guns – to alleviate gun violence in America. Stevenson concludes …

“None of the emerging technologies address the underlying moral dubiousness with killing in self-defense or defense of property, the immorality of sports hunting, the immorality of playing a part in a larger breakdown in collective action, or the erosion of a public good, like a nonviolent community.

“Even if the majority of jurists, or the majority of voters, believe that it is morally acceptable to kill another person when confronted with an immediate, unavoidable choice between the two lives (a view I do not share), such discourse merely deflects the harder questions of whether defensive gun use is an excusable, forgivable act or a virtuous, heroic one; or whether killing to save one’s own life, or the life of a loved one, is moral when nonlethal alternatives might also have worked.

“Gun ownership for self-defense not only presents moral hazard and adverse selection problems, but also a crowding-out phenomenon as well as an individual under-investment in nonlethal force (say, a taser or a bat), locks and alarms, cultivating cautious and circumspect habits, and having an escape plan.

“A legal right to use lethal force in self-defense does not equal a moral right to do so, and even a moral right to kill does not equal a moral obligation. Zero guns would be better than smart guns.”

(Dru Stevenson. “Smart Guns, the Law, and the Second Amendment. Penn State Law Review Vol. 124:3. 2020.)

It is evident some solutions to the problem of gun violence rest on money and doubt. Such it seems with smart guns. How much money and how much doubt? Good questions. And, how much responsibility will gun owners – and those opposed to guns also – take for the future safety of innocent victims? Try accessing the value of a single human life lost in the epidemic of gun violence in America. In times of trouble, we must seek solutions, many of which prove expensive and, unfortunately, not foolproof. 

                                                                  Nicholas Naumkin

I'll end this blog entry with the tragic story of Nicholas Naumkin told by Brian Anderson of Motherboard on March 22, 2017, in the article “Who Killed the Smart Gun?” I pray it speaks to both your heart and your conscience. I know it did to mine. Please read Anderson's entire article by clicking here: https://www.vice.com/en/article/z4k5v4/who-killed-the-smart-gun

“It happened in an instant.

“Nicholas Naumkin was at a friend's house the evening of December 22, 2010. Middle school had let out for winter break and the two boys were left home alone, playing video games like Halo and Call of Duty and popping off an otherwise harmless Nerf dart gun. But the playdate would take a violent turn in the kitchen, where Nicholas found himself on the wrong end of an actual gun.

“The scene played out in a way that's become all-too-familiar in American households: The 9mm semi-automatic pistol belonged to the father of Andrew*, Nicholas' playmate. It had been stored in an unsecured dresser drawer and at some point was loaded with an eight-round clip, according to police testimony. Andrew removed the gun from the drawer and came into the kitchen to show Nicholas. There was a round in the chamber when suddenly, the gun fired. The bullet hit Nicholas in the eye.

“Andrew called 911 sometime after his friend collapsed to the floor. First responders found Nicholas in a pool of his own blood, before a team of paramedics rushed him by ambulance to the Albany Medical Center Hospital. In the United States, 98 children aged 17 and younger were accidentally killed by guns in 2010. Nicholas Naumkin was one of them. He was 12.

(Oxsana and Yuri were brought into the ICU to see their son around 2AM the day after the accident. Nicholas' doctors told his parents there was no activity in his brain, so they took him off life support. Now it was time to say goodbye. Oxsana Naumkin, Nicholas' mother, clutched Nicholas, putting an ear to his chest so she could listen to his heart. With each successive beat she wondered which one might be the last. His breathing stopped after 29 agonizing minutes. "It was torture," Oxsana said. The immense and inescapable grief Oxsana carries over losing Nicholas to gun violence is palpable. And, her guilt is overwhelming.)

“Oxsana will never understand why the gun that killed the eldest of her two sons hadn't been securely stored. Oxsana and her husband, Yuri, have never owned firearms but always assumed those who did would keep their guns locked up, especially around kids.

"'To me, it's a no-brainer,' said Oxsana, who choked back tears during an interview at the Naumkin house near Saratoga Springs, New York. 'We never thought to ask.'

“Oxsana is now determined to put a dent in the approximately 33,500 people fatally shot on average in America every year. In 2015, the most recent year for which there is reliable data, the majority of US firearm fatalities were homicides (12,979) and suicides (22,018), according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accidental or unintentional gun deaths accounted for far fewer (489) of the total gun deaths.

“But if Oxsana can save one kid's life, she will have done her duty in her grief, she said. She's been vocal in her support of stricter gun control laws since the day Nicholas died and also champions a potential technological failsafe against unauthorized firearm use, in the form of a gun that only fires in the hands of an approved user.

“Such user-authenticated, personalized, or 'childproof' firearms, better known as smart guns, have been in development for decades …

“Seven years on, Oxsana has become the driving force behind a bill known as Nicholas' Law, requiring the safe storage of firearms in the state of New York. But smart guns would be a logical choice for anyone with a family who wishes to own a firearm for protection, she said.

"'This wouldn't prevent you from protecting your family but it would prevent accidental deaths of children, who are very curious,' Oxsana said. 'They're going to find this thing no matter what.'

"'This technology exists,' she added. 'It could definitely save someone's life in your house.'

“How could she not think it could've saved her son too?”

(Brian Anderson. “Who Killed the Smart Gun?”Motherboard March 22, 2017.)

How could Oxsana not think it could have saved Nicholas's life? How could you not think that same thing? If you do think that, let me guess why. Cost? Doubt? Or possibly you would just trade the risk for the available trigger. 

 


Wednesday, December 1, 2021

Young Suspect Became the "Destroyer of Worlds" -- The Oxford High School Massacre

 


“Now I become death – destroyer of worlds – see you tomorrow Oxford.”

–15-year old Michigan high school shooting suspect, Instagram

The suspect allegedly posted these words and a picture of the semi-automatic handgun used in the massacre on social media before he opened fire on classmates and teachers at Oxford High School, according to the local sheriff.

“He had been shooting with it and posted pictures of a target and the weapon. That’s all part of what’s being looked at. We’re going to do a deep dive on the social media and all the activities of this young man,” he added about the 15-year-old Oxford High School sophomore, CNN reported.

(Yaron Steinbuch. “Michigan school shooting suspect allegedly posted pics of gun before massacre.” New York Post. December 1, 2021.)

Of course, these are the words of Hindu scripture – the Bhagavad-Gita – that ran through the mind of Robert Oppenheimer – head of the Los Alamos Laboratory, the birthplace of the Manhattan Project – as he witnessed the first detonation of a nuclear weapon on July 16, 1945.

“We knew the world would not be the same,” Oppenheimer later recalled. “A few people laughed, a few people cried, most people were silent.” As Oppenheimer, watched the fireball of the Trinity nuclear test, he turned to Hinduism: it was a way of making sense of his actions.

How ironic the suspect (so far unnamed) chose these words from the so-called “Father” of the atomic bomb – a device used on the Japanese to end World War II, beginning the Atomic Age but saving untold thousands of American lives in a planned invasion – to begin his deadly killing spree.

Still, we must live with the results – the bombing of the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki killed between 129,000 and 226,000 people, most of whom were civilians

However, the young student took it upon himself to create his own mass carnage for nothing other destruction, death, and grief.

This high school sophomore suspect, who reportedly attended class before he began shooting, likely had learned about Oppenheimer in his history classes at Oxford High School in suburban Detroit – the very place housing the classmates he attacked Tuesday. He killed four students, ages 14 to 17, in the shooting. He shot seven others, six students and one teacher. Some remain critically hurt.

“Destroyer of worlds,” indeed.

In America's gun violence epidemic, the Oxford High massacre is the 28th school shooting of 2021. School shootings have occurred in 19 states in 2021– with the highest number (four) taking place in Texas, according to the Gun Violence Archive.

Tuesday's shooting is the largest documented incident of the year. The shooting is the 23rd incident involving gunfire on Michigan K-12 and college school grounds since 2013, according to Everytown for Gun Safety, a gun control advocacy group. Deaths in school shootings have also happened in North Carolina, Pennsylvania, New Mexico, Delaware, Tennessee, Arkansas and Louisiana.

The deadly shooting in Oxford Township, a suburb about 35 miles north of Detroit, marks the 651st incident this year in which at least four people were shot, whether fatally or not, according to the archive, which tracks mass shootings.

(Jeanine Santucci. “In America's gun violence 'epidemic,' Oxford High in Michigan is 28th school shooting of 2021.” USA TODAY. November 30, 2021.)

Sandy Hook Promise reports gun violence and school shootings are a uniquely American epidemic. Guns are the leading cause of death among American children and teens, and 1 out of 10 gun deaths are age 19 or younger.

A comprehensive study of school shootings from 1974 to 2000 conducted by the Secret Service and Department of Education found “93% of school shooters planned the attack in advance. In 4 out of 5 school shootings, at least one other person had knowledge of the attacker’s plan but failed to report it. And, guns used in about 68% of gun-related incidents at schools were taken from the home, a friend or a relative.” In most school shootings, the weapon is a firearm left unsecured in the home.

(B. Vossekuil et al. “The final report and findings of the Safe School Initiative.” Secret Service's National Threat Assessment Center and the Department of Education's Safe and Drug-Free Schools Program. Washington, DC: 2002.)

In addition, research shows nearly all mass attackers in 2018 made threatening or concerning communications and more than 75% elicited concern from others prior to carrying out their attacks.

(Lina Alathari, Ph.D. Et al. “Mass Attacks In Public Spaces.” National Threat Assessment Center. United States Secret Service and U.S. Department of Homeland Security. August 2020.)

In almost every documented case of active shooters, warning signs were given shown.

(J. Silver, J., A. Simons, & S. Craun, S. “A Study of the Pre-Attack Behaviors of Active Shooters in the United States Between 2000 – 2013.” Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice. 2018.)

How Does The “Destroyer of Worlds” Fit the Profile?

Five minutes after the violence began, the suspect surrendered himself to a school deputy. He did not resist when he was arrested, and is not cooperating with the investigation, authorities said. He declined to speak with investigators after his parents retained a lawyer and denied authorities permission to interview their son, He has been booked into jail as a juvenile but could be tried as an adult,

The 15-year-old student used a 9MM Sig Sauer SP2022 pistol. Two 15-round magazines were found at the scene, at least 12 rounds were fired.

Oakland County Sheriff Michael Bouchard said he was unaware of any previous run-ins with law enforcement by the suspect, a high school sophomore, adding that investigators had so far seen nothing to suggest a history of disciplinary problems or threats.

The pistol the suspect used during the shooting was bought by his father on Black Friday, Nov. 26, according to Bouchard. It was loaded with seven rounds of ammunition when police arrested the suspect.

It is illegal under Michigan laws for someone younger than 18 to possess a gun in public. In schools, it is illegal to carry a concealed gun, and some school districts in the state also ban open carry.

"It's clear that he came out with the intent to kill people," said Bouchard Wednesday on CNN's "New Day," adding that the suspect fired shots from a close range toward the head or chest of some of the victims.

(Monique Beals. “Michigan school shooting suspect 'came out with the intent to kill,' sheriff says.” The Hill. December 01, 2021.)

A search warrant was executed at the suspect's home Tuesday. Bouchard said authorities seized a phone and are examining other seized items.

"We don't have a motive at this point in time," Undersheriff Michael McCabe said Tuesday. "We are still investigating that."

McCabe acknowledged there were rumors about warning signs and said that they were being investigated. At least one parent told the Associated Press that her son was not in school over fears something could happen.

Robin Redding said her son, Treshan Bryant, is a 12th grader at the school but stayed home on Tuesday. She said he had heard threats of a shooting at the school. “This couldn’t be just random,” she said. Redding didn’t provide specifics about what her son had heard, but she expressed concern with school safety in general. “Kids just, like they’re just mad at each other at this school,” she said.

Bryant said he texted several younger cousins in the morning and they said they didn’t want to go to school, and he got a bad feeling. He asked his mom if he could do his assignments online. Bryant said he had heard vague threats “for a long time now” about plans for a shooting at the school. “You’re not supposed to play about that,” he said of the threats. “This is real life.”

(Mike Householder. “Authorities: Student kills 3, wounds 6 at Michigan school.” Sacramento Bee. Associated Press December 01, 2021.)

Hana St. Juliana, 14, Madisyn Baldwin, 17, and Tate Myre, 16 

The Victims

Three of the shooting victims are in critical condition with gunshot wounds, including a 14-year-old girl who is on a ventilator after having surgery. A 14-year-old boy is in serious condition with a gunshot wound to the jaw and head, Bouchard said. Three students are in stable condition and the teacher who was shot has been discharged.

There were multiple other non-life-threatening injuries sustained by people as they were rushing out of the school, Bouchard said. Most were treated and released at a staging area, he said.

Those who passed …

16-year-old Tate Myre was an honors student who was "beloved by all" and had a "bright future," the Oxford football team said. Myre had been on the school's varsity football team since he was a freshman. The junior player – listed at six feet and 195 pounds – had already drawn attention from college recruiters. He died in a patrol car while deputies were taking him to a hospital, authorities said.

Madisyn Baldwin, 17, was expected to graduate this year. Her family said she had already been accepted into several colleges, some with a full scholarship.

Fourteen-year-old Hanna St Julian has been identified as the third victim of the tragic shooting.

(Amir Vera, Taylor Romine and Kelly McCleary, “Authorities look for possible motive behind 15-year-old Michigan high school shooting suspect. Here's what we know.” CNN. December 1, 2021.)

Upon late word on Wednesday, Justin Shilling, 17, died at about 10 a.m. at McLaren Oakland Hospital in Pontiac, Michigan.

Conclusions

Some sources say this is the first incident involving a school shooting in Michigan with an “active shooter.” The U.S. government defines an “active shooter” as an individual, usually without “a pattern or method,” who kills in a “confined and populated area.” Other school shooting have occurred there … I guess under other official titles.

And, once again, a grieving nation will hear from gun advocates who say this kind of thing can happen anywhere and is largely indefensible, chalking it all up to luck and acceptable losses. We all know no preventable loss of a child at school is acceptable.

The NRA and many Republican leaders will insist once more that the root of the problem is not guns but a range of issues such as mental health, school security, video games, and excessive prescriptions of attention-deficit disorder drugs such as Ritalin.

Many people will call for bigger guns to stop the problem – armed administrators, armed teachers, armed security guards. They will use the old mantra of “The only thing that stops a bad guy with a gun is a good guy with a gun.”

Some will call for better physical defensive measures at schools such as fewer entrances and exits, ensuring the administration offices are within sight of the main entrance to quickly see who is entering.

But the truth is many of these excuses by gun-control advocates are a strategy employing a clever smoke screen to avoid having to talk about GUN VIOLENCE The cycle repeats with the next mass shooting.

It's true that school security is a complex issue with no simple, single solution; however, not enough is being done in a concerted effort to address the issues causing the rise in gun violence. School shootings are on track to outpace the figures in 2018 and 2019.

A national dialogue is needed – a study of gun violence involving the expertise of school administrators and counselors, health officials, law enforcement, and other pertinent professionals. Then, naturally, directives must be enforced to curb the violence.

Why the desperate need to get at the causes of gun violence?

The Oxford massacre is precisely “why.”

Western Michigan University Cooley Law School's Michael McDaniel, a retired Brigadier General who served in the Pentagon as Deputy Assistant Secretary for Homeland Defense, says district officials and first responders there followed safety protocol well.

While the school doesn't have metal detectors, plexiglass or do bag checks, the district follows the ALICE Training Institute in these situations, which stands for Alert, Lockdown, Inform, Counter and Evacuate.

Oxford Community Schools is contracted with the ALICE Training Institute for active shooter training for their district personnel and is working to become an ALICE Certified District. The program encompasses training through both an online certification course for each staff member and live group instruction for active shooter drills.

Oakland County Sheriff deputies have been assigned to patrol each school location in the district. These regular, random visits are designed to create a greater police presence and ensure the officers are familiar with our schools.

The district also installed Aiphone video intercom systems at each building’s main entry points. This system requires guests to be buzzed into the buildings during school hours in an effort to increase building security.

They re-introduced the OK2SAY campaign district-wide. OK2SAY allows anyone to confidentially report tips on criminal activities or potential harm directed at Michigan students, school employees, or schools. Since its inception in 2014, OK2SAY has received over 10,000 tips state-wide, preventing multiple tragedies.

The Oxford district said it had investigated each concern shared by parents and students and found that there were no threats to students or buildings.

And, on November 11, less than three weeks before the shooting, the district sent a letter to parents addressing "rumors" that "created some concern for students and parents." Additionally, the letter highlighted the importance of student and staff safety, noting that there are security guards, a resource officer, counselors, and social workers at the school.

And yet somehow a student turned a deadly pistol on his peers at the school on November 30, 2021. People will say, “It doesn't make sense.” Yet, all the prevention strategies – so many wonderful, life-saving measures – failed to protect the students that day.

In retrospect, signs were there. The future shooter put out obvious signals. My God, the Instagram message said “See you tomorrow, Oxford.” And, the (troubled? deranged?) youth had access to a recently purchased weapon – one procured a very short time before the shooting – a weapon and clips capable of killing mass numbers of students. The message, the gun, the risk – all slipped through the net of school security.

Why? Why did a student with a decent record choose to murder classmates? Was he bullied or was he mentally ill or both? Why did his father purchase the weapon and allow the suspect to have access to it? Why did the suspect really take the weapon to school that day? Did he do it for what he conceived to be protection or was he trying to get even? Why did he pull the trigger and then be intelligent enough to remain silent about his motives?

Cause? It is the person. It is the parent. It is the mental state. It is the gun. In what measures each? Although no single profile that can reliably predict who will use a gun in a violent act, gun violence is associated with a confluence of individual, family, school, peer, community, and sociocultural risk factors that interact over time during childhood and adolescence.

And, excuse the French, but in 21st century America, we are fucking up and pushing these risk factors toward triggers far, far too much.

The answers to the root questions are definitely the toughest, much less the toughest to defend against. But, are we to simply throw up our hands and give up … essentially admitting America has absolutely no answers about how to stop gun violence at school?

Let's address the issue as it must be done. Consider these findings by the American Psychological Association:

“Prevention efforts guided by research on developmental risk can reduce the likelihood that firearms will be introduced into community and family conflicts or criminal activity. Prevention efforts can also reduce the relatively rare occasions when severe mental illness contributes to homicide or the more common circumstances when depression or other mental illness contributes to suicide.

“The skills and knowledge of psychologists are needed to develop and evaluate programs and settings in schools, workplaces, prisons, neighborhoods, clinics, and other relevant contexts that aim to change gendered expectations for males that emphasize self-sufficiency, toughness, and violence, including gun violence.

“Although it is important to recognize that most people suffering from a mental illness are not dangerous, for those persons at risk for violence due to mental illness, suicidal thoughts, or feelings of desperation, mental health treatment can often prevent gun violence.

“Prevention of violence occurs along a continuum that begins in early childhood with programs to help parents raise emotionally healthy children and ends with efforts to identify and intervene with troubled individuals who are threatening violence.

“Firearm prohibitions for high-risk groups — domestic violence offenders, persons convicted of violent misdemeanor crimes, and individuals with mental illness who have been adjudicated as being a threat to themselves or to others — have been shown to reduce violence.”

(“Gun Violence: Prediction, Prevention, and Policy.” American Psychological Association. 2021.)